English
Nederlands
Français
Deutsch
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
The immune health is crucial for staying healthy. A sound immune system is of great importance to cope with different diseases or illnesses. We all need to enhance our immune system. Regular exercise or taking some natural or artificial product directly or indirectly boosts the immune system.
Natural substances that improve the immune system are the subject of investigation for the last decades. A wide range of synthetic and natural products are available in the market described as having immunomodulatory effects. However, only a few products are probably the best studied, and interesting ones are β-glucans (Goodridge et al., 2009; Stier et al., 2014).
History of β-glucans as immune system modulator
Before identifying β-glucans as an immune modulator, shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) in Japan and Ganoderma luciderm in China were used in traditional medicine, boosting the body immune system. The immune-modulating effect of β-glucan discovered in the last century.
Since more than 6000 publications have published investigating the immune-modulation effect of the β-glucans, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory abilities, the β-glucans show immune-modulating effects on various organisms.
The results on humans and other animals like fish, rodents, invertebrates, and other farm animals are encouraging. Furthermore, other beneficial effects of β-glucans include healing wounds, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and cholesterol reduction (Novak & ヴェトヴィッカ、2008)。
Importance of β-glucans in immune modulation
Various studies show that β-glucan have the potential to enhance the immune system. The majority of options exist in the market while choosing multiple products to boost the immune system, and β-glucan is one of those products. The β-glucan is water-soluble dietary fiber in the cell wall of yeast, fungi, bacteria, algae, lichens, and plants (barley, oat, seaweed).
However, the β-glucans from different sources have different modulating effects but not all. It depends upon the primary chemical structure of β-glucan. For example, cellulose a (1,4)- β-linked glucan does not have any immune-modulatory effect. While yeast and fungus-derived β-glucan, (1,3)-β-linked with small chains of (1,6)-β-linked side chains are known for their immune-modulating effect.
Besides the primary chemical structure, the immune-modulating effect of β-glucan also depends on its solubility, molecular mass, tertiary structure, polymer charge, branching pattern, solution conformation, and its manufacturing, from isolation to purification affect its immune modulation efficiency (Vannucci et al., 2013).
Various sources of β-glucans
Various β-glucans function in multiple ways based on their sources; for example, cereal-based beta-glucan reduces LDL-cholesterol, healing wounds, skin injury. Still, there is not enough scientific evidence that such kind of β-glucans enhances the immune system.
Mushroom-derived β-glucans are associated with lowering cholesterol levels, improving heart health, wound healing, and in some cases, strengthening the immune system to some extent.
Yeast β-glucan is found abundantly in the cell wall of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The β-glucan is a water-soluble polysaccharide consist of glucose subunits.
The yeast-derived β-glucan, specifically the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is well-known for boosting immunity compared to brewer’s yeast. It means not all yeast strain-derived β-glucan are equally efficient. It also helps in the healing of wounds. For immune system modulation, the source from which β-glucan source is essential (Seo et al., 2019).
Mode of action β-glucans in immune system modulation
Interaction between Immune cells and β-glucans
The human gastrointestinal tract is a vital immune organ enriched with dendritic cells and macrophages immune cells. Thus, anything passing through the gastrointestinal tract immune cells recognizes it. These immune cells contain specialized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizing and responding to any structure related to harmful microbes.
Adaptive immunity
With the β-glucan ingestion, cell surface immune receptors, PRRs consider it a foreign substance and directly bind. Then, the binding between these two alert the immune cells and induce a series of biochemical reactions, which renders the immune system behave effectively. So, the innate immune system is a complex signaling network of germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). The immune cells or other cells usually express to induce various cell signaling pathways. Thus it activates a wide range of signaling pathways. Mainly, it has physiological effects and modulates the immune system. These signaling pathways are related to a group of compounds responsible for physiological effects. Finally, β-glucans help the immune system to react effectively against harmful microorganisms during infection. Thus, β-glucans ensure safety and overall health benefits. Consequently, β-D-glucan triggers innate immune responses and develop adaptive immunity (Murphy et al., 2010; Novak & ヴェトヴィッカ、2008)。
Yeast β-glucan is versatile in developing an adaptive immune system.
Initially, the yeast β-glucan triggered the interleukin-1β-(1L-1β) mediated cell signaling responses primarily through macrophages via dectin-1 signaling. Yeast β-glucan stimulates the effect on macrophages and shows strong immune modulation effects. Additionally, the yeast β-glucan interacts with microfold (M)-cells in the small intestine. Then, the M-cells take β-glucan and transport it to the immune cells present in Peyer’s patches from the intestine lumen. Finally, macrophages take up the yeast β-glucan, and it gets degraded. Eventually, it became available to the circulatory system and distributed systemically. Thus, yeast β-glucan are potential activators of the innate immune system that enhance the functional activity of immune cells. Finally, it activates the network of cell signaling pathways, which systemically develop adaptive immune responses against diseases (Murphy et al., 2010; Novak & ヴェトヴィッカ、2008)。
Why choose yeast β-glucans for immune-modulatory effects?
While selecting the best and high-quality β-glucan, which is safe and effective in modulating the immune system, we need to consider some important points. Yeast β-glucan biological activity, mechanism of action, the chemical structure is well studied, and immune system functioning and supported by research.
Yeast-derived β-glucans prime the immune system to perform efficiently instead of boosting it. It enables the immune system to recognize the foreign pathogen. It recognizes the microbial pathogens and phagocytizes the infective cells and limit the further spread of disease. Yeast-derived β-glucan is equally effective for all ages of people, from children to old age. It is also effective in stress release in athletes and women passing through stress and improves overall physical health (Seo et al., 2019; Stier et al., 2014; Talbott & Talbott, 2012).
Reference
Goodridge, H. S., Wolf, A. J., & Underhill, D. M. (2009). Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system. Immunological Reviews, 230(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x
Murphy, E. A., Davis, J. M., & Carmichael, M. D. (2010). Immune modulating effects of β-glucan. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13(6), 656–661. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833f1afb
ノバク、M.、 & Vetvicka, V. (2008). β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action. Journal of Immunotoxicology, 5(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15476910802019045
Seo, G., Hyun, C., Choi, S., Kim, Y. M., & Cho, M. (2019). The wound healing effect of four types of beta-glucan. Applied Biological Chemistry, 62(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-019-0428-2
Stier, H., Ebbeskotte, V., & Gruenwald, J. (2014). Immune-modulatory effects of dietary Yeast Beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan. Nutrition Journal, 13, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-38
Talbott, S. M., & Talbott, J. A. (2012). Baker’s Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplement Reduces Upper Respiratory Symptoms and Improves Mood State in Stressed Women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 31(4), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2012.10720441
Vannucci、L.、Krizan、J.、Sima、P.、Stakheev、D.、Caja、F.、Rajsiglova、L.、Horak、V.、 & Saieh, M. (2013). Immunostimulatory properties and antitumor activities of glucans. International Journal of Oncology, 43(2), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1974
45 反応
I would like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in writing this site. I am hoping the same high-grade web site post from you in the upcoming as well. In fact your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own blog now. Actually the blogging is spreading its wings quickly. Your write up is a good example of it.
As I website possessor I believe the content matter here is rattling wonderful , appreciate it for your efforts. You should keep it up forever! Good Luck.
Excellent post. I was checking constantly this blog and I am impressed! Extremely useful info particularly the last part 🙂 I care for such info much. I was looking for this certain information for a long time. Thank you and good luck.
The next time I read a blog, I hope that it doesnt disappoint me as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, but I actually thought youd have something interesting to say. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you could fix if you werent too busy looking for attention.
Well I definitely liked studying it. This information procured by you is very useful for good planning.
You are my intake, I possess few web logs and sometimes run out from to brand.
naturally like your web-site but you need to take a look at the spelling on quite a few of your posts. Several of them are rife with spelling issues and I in finding it very bothersome to inform the reality nevertheless I will surely come again again.
Everything is very open and very clear explanation of issues. was truly information. Your website is very useful. Thanks for sharing.
Would love to constantly get updated outstanding blog! .
Wonderful blog! Do you have any recommendations for aspiring writers? I’m planning to start my own blog soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you recommend starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m completely overwhelmed .. Any ideas? Thanks a lot!
Rattling superb info can be found on blog. “There used to be a real me, but I had it surgically removed.” by Peter Sellers.
hi!,I like your writing so much! share we communicate more about your post on AOL? I require a specialist on this area to solve my problem. May be that’s you! Looking forward to see you.
Hey there! Quick question that’s entirely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My weblog looks weird when viewing from my iphone 4. I’m trying to find a theme or plugin that might be able to fix this problem. If you have any recommendations, please share. Thanks!
Saved as a favorite, I really like your blog!
As I site possessor I believe the content material here is rattling wonderful , appreciate it for your hard work. You should keep it up forever! Best of luck.
I’m often to blogging and i really appreciate your content. The article has actually peaks my interest. I’m going to bookmark your web site and maintain checking for brand spanking new information.
One thing I’d really like to touch upon is that weightloss system fast can be achieved by the appropriate diet and exercise. Someone’s size not just affects appearance, but also the complete quality of life. Self-esteem, depressive disorders, health risks, in addition to physical skills are impacted in excess weight. It is possible to do everything right whilst still having a gain. Should this happen, a condition may be the root cause. While a lot of food and not enough physical exercise are usually responsible, common health concerns and widespread prescriptions can certainly greatly help to increase size. Thanks alot : ) for your post here.
Pretty element of content. I just stumbled upon your site and in accession capital to say that I acquire actually loved account your blog posts. Any way I will be subscribing on your feeds or even I success you get right of entry to constantly rapidly.
I think this is one of the most important info for me. And i am glad reading your article. But want to remark on few general things, The web site style is wonderful, the articles is really nice : D. Good job, cheers
Valuable info. Lucky me I found your web site by accident, and I am shocked why this accident didn’t happened earlier! I bookmarked it.
Great site. Plenty of helpful info here. I?m sending it to several buddies ans also sharing in delicious. And of course, thank you to your sweat!
Valuable information. Lucky me I found your website unintentionally, and I am stunned why this coincidence did not came about earlier! I bookmarked it.
Attractive section of content. I just stumbled upon your site and in accession capital to assert that I get in fact enjoyed account your blog posts. Anyway I will be subscribing to your augment and even I achievement you access consistently rapidly.
This article is absolutely incredible! The author has done a fantastic job of conveying the information in an captivating and enlightening manner. I can’t thank him enough for sharing such precious insights that have definitely enlightened my awareness in this topic. Bravo to him for crafting such a gem!
Hello! This is my 1st comment here so I just wanted to give a quick shout out and say I truly enjoy reading your blog posts. Can you suggest any other blogs/websites/forums that deal with the same subjects? Thank you so much!
It is appropriate time to make a few plans for the future and it’s time to be happy. I have read this post and if I could I wish to counsel you some attention-grabbing things or suggestions. Perhaps you can write subsequent articles regarding this article. I want to learn even more things about it!
Thanks for sharing superb informations. Your site is very cool. I’m impressed by the details that you?ve on this web site. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject. Bookmarked this web page, will come back for extra articles. You, my friend, ROCK! I found just the information I already searched everywhere and simply couldn’t come across. What a perfect web site.
Hey! I could have sworn I’ve been to this website before but after checking through some of the post I realized it’s new to me. Nonetheless, I’m definitely happy I found it and I’ll be bookmarking and checking back often!
I couldn’t agree more about the importance of effective communication in the workplace. Well said!
This actually answered my downside, thank you!
I?m impressed, I must say. Actually not often do I encounter a blog that?s both educative and entertaining, and let me tell you, you may have hit the nail on the head. Your idea is outstanding; the difficulty is one thing that not sufficient individuals are talking intelligently about. I am very blissful that I stumbled throughout this in my seek for one thing regarding this.
Greetings from Los angeles! I’m bored at work so I decided to check out your website on my iphone during lunch break. I love the knowledge you present here and can’t wait to take a look when I get home. I’m surprised at how quick your blog loaded on my cell phone .. I’m not even using WIFI, just 3G .. Anyhow, very good blog!
Great information shared.. really enjoyed reading this post thank you author for sharing this post .. appreciated
You can definitely see your enthusiasm in the work you write. The world hopes for more passionate writers like you who aren’t afraid to say how they believe. Always follow your heart.
Hello There. I found your blog using msn. This is an extremely well written article. I will make sure to bookmark it and return to read more of your useful info. Thanks for the post. I?ll definitely comeback.
I think this post makes sense and really helps me, so far I’m still confused, after reading the posts on this website I understand.