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A saúde imunológica é crucial para se manter saudável. Um sistema imunológico saudável é de grande importância para lidar com diferentes doenças ou enfermidades. Todos nós precisamos melhorar nosso sistema imunológico. O exercício regular ou a ingestão de algum produto natural ou artificial, direta ou indiretamente, estimula o sistema imunológico.
Substâncias naturais que melhoram o sistema imunológico são objeto de investigação nas últimas décadas. Uma ampla gama de produtos sintéticos e naturais está disponível no mercado e são descritos como tendo efeitos imunomoduladores. No entanto, apenas alguns produtos são provavelmente os mais bem estudados, e alguns interessantes são β-glucanos (Goodridge et al., 2009; Stier et al., 2014).
História dos β-glucanos como moduladores do sistema imunológico
Antes de identificar os β-glucanos como moduladores imunológicos, o cogumelo shiitake (Lentinus edodes) no Japão e o Ganoderma luciderm na China eram usados na medicina tradicional, estimulando o sistema imunológico do corpo. O efeito imunomodulador do β-glucano descoberto no século passado.
Desde que mais de 6.000 publicações foram publicadas investigando o efeito de modulação imunológica dos β-glucanos, como habilidades antimicrobianas e antiinflamatórias, os β-glucanos apresentam efeitos imunomoduladores em vários organismos.
Os resultados em humanos e outros animais como peixes, roedores, invertebrados e outros animais de criação são encorajadores. Além disso, outros efeitos benéficos dos β-glucanos incluem cicatrização de feridas, hepatoproteção, antidiabético e redução do colesterol (Novak & Vetvicka, 2008).
Importância dos β-glucanos na modulação imunológica
Vários estudos mostram que β-glucano têm o potencial de melhorar o sistema imunológico. A maioria das opções existe no mercado ao escolher vários produtos para estimular o sistema imunológico, e o β-glucano é um desses produtos. O β-glucano é uma fibra alimentar solúvel em água na parede celular de leveduras, fungos, bactérias, algas, líquenes e plantas (cevada, aveia, algas marinhas).
No entanto, os β-glucanos de diferentes fontes têm diferentes efeitos moduladores, mas não todos. Depende da estrutura química primária do β-glucano. Por exemplo, a celulose um (1,4)-glucano ligado a β não tem qualquer efeito imunomodulador. Embora os β-glucanos derivados de leveduras e fungos, (1,3)-β-ligados com pequenas cadeias de cadeias laterais (1,6)-β-ligadas sejam conhecidos por seu efeito imunomodulador.
Além da estrutura química primária, o efeito imunomodulador do β-glucano também depende de sua solubilidade, massa molecular, estrutura terciária, carga do polímero, padrão de ramificação, conformação da solução e sua fabricação, desde o isolamento até a purificação, afeta sua eficiência de modulação imunológica. Vannucci et al., 2013).
Várias fontes de β-glucanos
Vários β-glucanos funcionam de múltiplas maneiras com base em suas fontes; por exemplo, o beta-glucano à base de cereais reduz o colesterol LDL, cicatriza feridas e lesões na pele. Ainda assim, não há evidências científicas suficientes de que esse tipo de β-glucanos melhore o sistema imunológico.
Os β-glucanos derivados de cogumelos estão associados à redução dos níveis de colesterol, à melhoria da saúde cardíaca, à cicatrização de feridas e, em alguns casos, ao fortalecimento do sistema imunológico até certo ponto.
O β-glucano de levedura é encontrado abundantemente na parede celular da levedura de panificação (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). O β-glucano é um polissacarídeo solúvel em água composto por subunidades de glicose.
O β-glucano derivado de levedura, especificamente a levedura de padeiro Saccharomyces cerevisiae, é bem conhecido por aumentar a imunidade em comparação com a levedura de cerveja. Isso significa que nem todos os β-glucanos derivados de cepas de levedura são igualmente eficientes. Também ajuda na cicatrização de feridas. Para a modulação do sistema imunológico, a fonte de origem de β-glucano é essencial (Seo et al., 2019).
Modo de ação dos β-glucanos na modulação do sistema imunológico
Interação entre células imunológicas e β-glucanos
O trato gastrointestinal humano é um órgão imunológico vital, enriquecido com células dendríticas e células imunológicas de macrófagos. Assim, qualquer coisa que passe pelas células imunológicas do trato gastrointestinal o reconhece. Estas células imunitárias contêm receptores especializados de reconhecimento de padrões (PRRs) que reconhecem e respondem a qualquer estrutura relacionada com micróbios nocivos.
Imunidade adaptativa
With the β-glucan ingestion, cell surface immune receptors, PRRs consider it a foreign substance and directly bind. Then, the binding between these two alert the immune cells and induce a series of biochemical reactions, which renders the immune system behave effectively. So, the innate immune system is a complex signaling network of germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). The immune cells or other cells usually express to induce various cell signaling pathways. Thus it activates a wide range of signaling pathways. Mainly, it has physiological effects and modulates the immune system. These signaling pathways are related to a group of compounds responsible for physiological effects. Finally, β-glucans help the immune system to react effectively against harmful microorganisms during infection. Thus, β-glucans ensure safety and overall health benefits. Consequently, β-D-glucan triggers innate immune responses and develop adaptive immunity (Murphy et al., 2010; Novak & Vetvicka, 2008).
Yeast β-glucan is versatile in developing an adaptive immune system.
Initially, the yeast β-glucan triggered the interleukin-1β-(1L-1β) mediated cell signaling responses primarily through macrophages via dectin-1 signaling. Yeast β-glucan stimulates the effect on macrophages and shows strong immune modulation effects. Additionally, the yeast β-glucan interacts with microfold (M)-cells in the small intestine. Then, the M-cells take β-glucan and transport it to the immune cells present in Peyer’s patches from the intestine lumen. Finally, macrophages take up the yeast β-glucan, and it gets degraded. Eventually, it became available to the circulatory system and distributed systemically. Thus, yeast β-glucan are potential activators of the innate immune system that enhance the functional activity of immune cells. Finally, it activates the network of cell signaling pathways, which systemically develop adaptive immune responses against diseases (Murphy et al., 2010; Novak & Vetvicka, 2008).
Why choose yeast β-glucans for immune-modulatory effects?
While selecting the best and high-quality β-glucan, which is safe and effective in modulating the immune system, we need to consider some important points. Yeast β-glucan biological activity, mechanism of action, the chemical structure is well studied, and immune system functioning and supported by research.
Os β-glucanos derivados de leveduras estimulam o sistema imunológico a funcionar de forma eficiente, em vez de aumentá-lo. Ele permite que o sistema imunológico reconheça o patógeno estranho. Ele reconhece os patógenos microbianos e fagocita as células infecciosas e limita a propagação da doença. O β-glucano derivado de levedura é igualmente eficaz para pessoas de todas as idades, desde crianças até idosos. Também é eficaz na liberação do estresse em atletas e mulheres que passam por estresse e melhora a saúde física geral (Seo et al., 2019; Stier et al., 2014; Talbott & Talbot, 2012).
Referência
Goodridge, HS, Wolf, AJ, & Underhill, DM (2009). Reconhecimento de beta-glucano pelo sistema imunológico inato. Revisões Imunológicas, 230(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x
Murphy, E. A., Davis, J. M., & Carmichael, M. D. (2010). Immune modulating effects of β-glucan. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13(6), 656–661. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833f1afb
Novak, M., & Vetvicka, V. (2008). β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action. Journal of Immunotoxicology, 5(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15476910802019045
Seo, G., Hyun, C., Choi, S., Kim, Y. M., & Cho, M. (2019). The wound healing effect of four types of beta-glucan. Applied Biological Chemistry, 62(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-019-0428-2
Stier, H., Ebbeskotte, V., & Gruenwald, J. (2014). Immune-modulatory effects of dietary Yeast Beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan. Nutrition Journal, 13, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-38
Talbott, S. M., & Talbott, J. A. (2012). Baker’s Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplement Reduces Upper Respiratory Symptoms and Improves Mood State in Stressed Women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 31(4), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2012.10720441
Vannucci, L., Krizan, J., Sima, P., Stakheev, D., Caja, F., Rajsiglova, L., Horak, V., & Saieh, M. (2013). Immunostimulatory properties and antitumor activities of glucans. International Journal of Oncology, 43(2), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1974
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